Stool Colour
Brown is normal; other colors may indicate abnormal gastrointestinal conditions.
Stool Form
Variations may indicate abnormal gastrointestinal conditions.
Mucous
Mucous production may indicate infection, inflammation, or malignancy.
Faecal Occult Blood
Detects bleeding in the digestive tract, indicating potential disease.
pH
Imbalances in gut pH influence short-chain fatty acid production and their effects.
Red blood cells
Presence may indicate infection, inflammation, or hemorrhage.
White blood cells
Presence may indicate infection, inflammation, or hemorrhage.
Food remnants
Presence may indicate maldigestion.
Meat fibres
Presence may indicate maldigestion from too little gastric acid or reduced pancreatic output.
Vegetable fibres
Presence may indicate maldigestion from gastric hypoacidity or diminished pancreatic output.
Fat globules
Elevated levels may indicate inadequate lipid absorption (steatorrhea).
Starch
Presence may indicate carbohydrate maldigestion.
Bifidobacteria longum
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Bifidobacteria bifidum
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Bifidobacteria animalis
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Bifidobacteria breve
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Eschericia coli
Most strains are harmless; some are pathogenic.
Lactobacilli plantarum
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Lactobacilli rhamnosus
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Lactobacilli paracasei
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Lactobacilli casei
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Lactobacilli acidophilus
Beneficial bacteria; essential for gut health.
Enterococci
Helps maintain microbiome balance.
Aeromonas
Aeromonas are bacteria that can cause an acute diarrhoeal illness.
Campylobacter
Campylobacter infection (campylobacteriosis) is a bacterial infection which most commonly causes gastroenteritis.
Salmonella
Salmonella infection usually results from ingestion of the bacteria from contaminated food, water or hands.
Shigella
Shigella infection (shigellosis) is a type of gastroenteritis caused by Shigella bacteria.
Yersinia
This infectious bacteria can cause gastroenteritis and symptoms beyond the gut.
Pseudomonas
Opportunistic pathogen found in various environments.
Streptococcus mitis
Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus sanguinis
Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus anginosus
Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus parasanguinis
Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus salivarius
Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus mutans
Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.
Enterococcus faecalis
E. faecalis is commonly found in the gut. In some cases E. faecalis can overgrow in the vagina and cause an infection, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, odour, itching, and pain during sex or urination.
Enterococcus faecium
Part of normal gut flora; can be implicated in infections.
Enterococcus casseliflavus
Part of normal gut flora; can be implicated in infections.
Enterococcus durans
Part of normal gut flora; can be implicated in infections.
Mucoid Eschericia Coli
Most strains are harmless; some are pathogenic.
Enterobacter asburiae
Rarely associated with gastrointestinal infection.
Enterobacter kobei
Rarely associated with gastrointestinal infection.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a type of yeast that normally inhabits the vagina, but can sometimes overgrow and cause a yeast infection. This can occur due to factors such as antibiotic use, hormonal changes, or a weakened immune system. Symptoms may include itching, burning, and discharge.
Candida parapsilosis
C. parapsilosis can cause vaginal yeast infections, particularly in women who have received previous antifungal treatment. Symptoms may include itching, burning, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications.
Candida glabrata
C. glabrata is a type of yeast that can cause vaginal yeast infections, particularly in women who are immunocompromised or have had antibiotics. Symptoms can include itching, burning, and discharge. C. glabrata can be more resistant to certain treatments compared to other Candida species.
Geotrichum
Yeast found in various environments; opportunistic pathogen.
Rhodotorula
Common environmental yeast; not considered pathogenic.
Other yeasts
Indicates potential yeast overgrowth.
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrhoeal disease cryptosporidiosis.
Giardia lamblia
Symptoms of Giardia infection can occur with 3 to 25 days and may include diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, pale greasy foul-smelling stools, stomach cramps, passing excess gas, bloating, weight loss and fatigue.
Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease (also known as amoebic dysentery) caused by infection with Entamoeba histolytica.
Blastocystis hominis
Some research suggests that people with IBS may be more likely to have Blastocystis hominis organisms in their stool.
Dientamoeba fragilis
The bacteria can be present in the gut for months or year and misdiagnosed as IBS.